Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic-depressive disorder, is a brain disorder that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and focus. These episodes can last days or weeks, ranging from euphoric highs to deep lows, and in severe cases, they can disrupt daily life.

It often runs in families, with up to 90% of people having a relative also diagnosed. A chemical imbalance in the brain is believed to contribute, and the average age of onset is around 25.

If you believe you may have bipolar disorder, consider taking a bipolar screen.

Mania

Mania is a period of extremely high energy that can last weeks or even months. It often alters the way a person thinks or behaves, leading to problems in relationships, work, and school. Severe manic episodes may require hospitalization.

• increased energy
• euphoria or extreme excitement
• little or no sleep
• risky behavior (unsafe sex, reckless spending, impulsive decisions
• feeling invincible
• intense anxiety
• In severe cases: psychosis (hallucinations, paranoia, feeling watched)

Depression

A major depressive episode in bipolar disorder lasts at least two weeks. People with bipolar disorder are at a higher risk of suicide compared to those who experience depression alone.

• Intense sadness or despair
• Loss of interest in hobbies and daily activities 
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Fatigue
• Increased or decreased sleep
• Fluctuation in sleep and appetite 
• Restlessness 
• Difficulty concentrating
• Frequent thoughts of death or suicide

Types of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I Disorder

Diagnosed when a person experiences at least one manic episode. These episodes bring an extreme increase in energy and mood changes, ranging from feeling on top of the world to being uncomfortably irritable. Some people also experience depressive or hypomanic episodes, along with periods of neutral mood.

Bipolar II Disorder

Defined by at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode. People return to their usual functioning between episodes. Bipolar II is often first recognized through depression, since hypomania can feel enjoyable or even boost performance. It’s also common for people with bipolar II to experience other mental health conditions, such as anxiety or substance use disorders, which can intensify symptoms.

Cyclothymic Disorder

A milder form of bipolar disorder involving frequent mood shifts — hypomanic and depressive symptoms that are less severe than bipolar I or II, but more persistent over time.